PVA can undergo degradation through multiple mechanisms, including photothermal, oxidation, and biological processes. Research studies have demonstrated that a diverse range of microorganisms, including at least 20 different types of bacteria, as well as various molds and yeasts, possess the capability to break down PVA. These microbial and biochemical attacks result in the conversion of PVOH into environmentally benign byproducts, including carbon dioxide, water, and biomass. This natural degradation process underscores the eco-friendly nature of PVA and its minimal impact on the environment.